init

1. Part of speech, meaning, basic usage, and example sentences

Part of speech: adjective (also a noun meaning “heat”)
Core meaning: “hot,” “warm,” “heated.”
Sample sentences

• Init ang kape; hinay-hinayi ug inom. – The coffee is hot; sip it slowly.
• Init kaayo ang panahon karon udto. – The weather is very hot this noon.
• Ganahan ko sa init nga sopas inig-ulan. – I like hot soup when it rains.
• Nag-init ang iyang ulo tungod sa trapik. – His temper heated up because of the traffic.

2. Linking endings and common derivations

• Linkers
  • -ng before a consonant: init-ng tubig – hot water (rare in writing; commonly spoken).
  • nga before a vowel or for clarity: init nga adlaw – hot day.
• Degree & intensity
  • mas init – hotter.
  • pinakainit – hottest.
  • init-init – rather hot / lukewarm.
  • init kaayo / init gyud – very hot / truly hot.
• Exclamatory & abstract forms
  • Kainit! – How hot!
  • kainit – heat, hotness.
  • pagkainit – the state of being hot.
• Progressive notion
  • nag-ka-init – getting hotter (Nag-ka-init ang klima kada tuig. – The climate gets hotter each year.)

3. Where it appears in a sentence

1. Predicate adjective: Ang sabaw init. – The soup is hot.
2. Modifier with linker: init nga sabaw.
3. Complement after emphasis: Mao ni ang init nga isyu. – This is the hot topic.

4. Common collocations

• init nga tubig – hot water
• init nga adlaw – hot day
• init nga sopas – hot soup
• init nga isyu – hot issue / trending topic
• mas init pa – even hotter

5. Detailed usage notes

“Init” literally describes temperature but also figuratively expresses intensity (anger, debate) or popularity (init nga balita – breaking news). Attach a linker when it comes before a noun; no linker is needed when it follows the noun. Comparative and superlative follow the usual mas / pinaka- pattern. Reduplication (init-init) tones the heat down to “warm.” Exclamatory Kainit! is common when stepping into the sun.

6. Common mistakes to watch for

• Linker omission: ✗ init tubig → ✓ init-ng tubig or init nga tubig.
• Placing mas after the adjective: ✗ init mas → ✓ mas init.
• Splitting pinaka from root: ✗ pinaka init → ✓ pinakainit.
• **Using init to praise beauty—prefer nindot / gwapa / gwapo for appearance.
• Misspelling as “inet” or “initr.”

7. Five everyday conversational phrases

1. Kainit sa adlaw oy! – The sun is scorching!
2. Mas init ang syudad kaysa bukid. – The city is hotter than the mountains.
3. Pinakainit gyud ni nga summer sa akong nahinumduman. – This is the hottest summer I can remember.
4. Init kaayo ang imong tsokolate; hulata gamay. – Your chocolate is very hot; wait a bit.
5. Init-init ra ang kape, sakto ra para sa buntag. – The coffee is just warm, perfect for the morning.

8. Five short conversation exchanges

1. Q: Init ba ang sabaw? – Is the soup hot?
   A: Oo, init kaayo; pag-bantay lang. – Yes, it’s very hot; be careful.
2. Q: Ngano mas init man ang silid karon? – Why is the room hotter now?
   A: Mas init kay daghan tawo ug walay air-con. – Hotter because there are many people and no AC.
3. Q: Asa ang pinakainit nga lugar sa Pilipinas inig-Abril? – Where is the hottest place in the Philippines in April?
   A: Sa Tuguegarao kasagaran pinakainit. – Tuguegarao is usually the hottest.
4. Q: Init-init na ba ang kape human sa 10 minutos? – Is the coffee still warm after 10 minutes?
   A: Medyo init-init pa, pero dili na pareho kanina. – Still somewhat warm, but not like before.
5. Q: Unsaon nato pag-init pa gyud sa diskusyon? – How do we heat up the discussion even more?
   A: Idugang nato kontrobersyal nga pangutana. – Let’s add a controversial question.

9. Multiple-choice dialogue questions

Q1. Init ba ang imong tsaa?
A. Oo, init kaayo ang akong tsaa.
B. Oo, tsaa init kaayo akong ang.
C. Oo, init tsaa kaayo ang akong.

Q2. Asa ang mas init, ang lunsod o ang baryo?
A. Mas init ang lunsod kaysa baryo.
B. Lunsod kaysa baryo ang mas init.
C. Mas init kaysa lunsod ang baryo.

Q3. Pinakainit ba kini nga adlaw sa tuig?
A. Oo, pinakainit kini nga adlaw sa tuig.
B. Oo, kini pinakainit adlaw sa tuig.
C. Oo, adlaw kini pinakainit sa tuig.

Q4. Ngano init ra ka bisan tugnaw ang air-con?
A. Init ra ko kay nag-jacket man ko.
B. Ko init ra kay nag-jacket man ko.
C. Nag-jacket man ko init ra ko kay.

Q5. Kinsa’y naay init-init nga balita karon?
A. Si Ana naay init-init nga balita.
B. Naay si Ana init-init balita.
C. Balita init-init naay si Ana.

Answer key with brief explanations

• Q1 → A is correct. Predicate init kaayo comes before the subject; B and C scramble word order.
• Q2 → A is correct. Comparative pattern “Mas init ang X kaysa Y.” Others misplace elements.
• Q3 → A is correct. Pinakainit directly precedes kini; B and C mis-order demonstrative and noun.
• Q4 → A is correct. Predicate first, then reason; B lacks clear subject-predicate flow, C jumbles order.
• Q5 → A is correct. Standard “naay + subject + description” sequence; B and C disrupt the structure.