kapoy

1 Part of speech, core meaning, usage, and example sentences

• Part of speech: adjective (also adverb & stative verb)
• Core meaning: “tired,” “weary,” “exhausted,” or figuratively “tedious.”

Examples

1. Kapoy ko human sa overtime. – I’m tired after overtime work.
2. Kapoy kaayo ang dagan sa marathon. – The marathon run is very exhausting.
3. Nakapakapoy ang hulat sa taas nga linya. – Waiting in a long line is tiring.
4. Nag-kapoy ang mata sa sigeg tan-aw sa screen. – My eyes are getting tired from staring at the screen.

2 Linkers and derivational patterns

• Linkers
  • -ng before a consonant → kapoy-ng adlaw – tiring day.
  • nga before a vowel / clarity → kapoy nga biyahe – exhausting trip.
• Degree & intensity
  • mas kapoy – more tiring.
  • pinakakapoy – most exhausting.
  • kapoy-kapoy – somewhat tired.
  • kapoy kaayo / kapoy gyud – very tired.
• Exclamations & abstracts
  • Kakapoy oy! – So exhausting!
  • kakapoy – tiredness, fatigue.
  • pagkakapoy – the state of being tired.
• Verb relatives
  • mukapoy / nikapoy / nagkapoy – to grow tired.
  • pakapoya! / pakapoyon – to weary someone, to tire out.

3 Where to place it in a sentence

1. Predicate: Ang lawas kapoy. – The body is tired.
2. Modifier: kapoy-ng trabaho.
3. After emphasis: Mao ni ang kapoy nga parte sa pagskwela. – This is the tiring part of studying.

4 Common collocations

• kapoy nga adlaw – tiring day
• kapoy nga lawas – weary body
• kapoy nga biyahe – exhausting travel
• kapoy nga balik-balik – tedious repetition
• kapoy-kapoy nga buluhaton – rather tiring task

5 Detailed usage notes

“Kapoy” covers physical fatigue (kapoy nga tiil – tired feet), mental exhaustion (kapoy nga hunahuna), or boredom (kapoy nga balik-balik – tedious routine). When placed before a noun, it needs a linker; as a predicate it stands alone. Comparative and superlative use mas / pinaka-. Reduplication (kapoy-kapoy) softens to “a bit tired.” Verb forms like nagkapoy express a process of becoming tired over time.

6 Frequent mistakes

• Omitting linker: ✗ kapoy trabaho → ✓ kapoy-ng trabaho.
• Saying kapoy mas instead of mas kapoy.
• Splitting pinaka away: ✗ pinaka kapoy → ✓ pinakakapoy.
• Confusing “kapoy” (tired) with “kapus” (short of).
• Losing hyphen in reduplication: ✗ kapoykapoy → ✓ kapoy-kapoy.

7 Five everyday phrases

1. Kakapoy sa pag-commute kada adlaw! – Daily commuting is so tiring!
2. Mas kapoy kung mag-tuon ka walay break. – Studying with no breaks is more exhausting.
3. Pinakakapoy gyud nang night shift nga sunod-sunod. – Consecutive night shifts are the most exhausting.
4. Kapoy-kapoy ra ang trabaho karon; mahimo ra ugma. – Today’s work is only a bit tiring; we can finish tomorrow.
5. Ayaw pakapoya imong kaugalingon, pahuway sag gamay. – Don’t tire yourself out; rest for a bit.

8 Five short conversation exchanges

1. Q: Kapoy ba ka human sa hike? – Are you tired after the hike?
   A: Oo, kapoy kaayo akong bitiis. – Yes, my legs are very tired.
2. Q: Ngano mas kapoy man ka karon? – Why are you more tired today?
   A: Mas kapoy kay kulang kog tulog. – More tired because I lacked sleep.
3. Q: Asa ang pinakakapoy nga parte sa trabaho? – What’s the most exhausting part of the job?
   A: Ang inventory pinakakapoy kay manindog pirmi. – Inventory is the most tiring because you stand all the time.
4. Q: Kapoy-kapoy na ba imong mga mata? – Are your eyes already a bit tired?
   A: Oo, mu-break sa ko ug tan-aw sa layo. – Yes, I’ll take a break and look into the distance.
5. Q: Unsaon nato pagpaundang sa pagkakapoy sa team? – How do we stop the team’s fatigue?
   A: Mag-rotational break ug mag-snack ta. – Let’s have rotational breaks and snacks.

9 Multiple-choice dialogue questions

Q1. Kapoy ba ang imong lawas?
A. Lawas kapoy kaayo ang akong.
B. Kapoy kaayo ang akong lawas.
C. Kapoy lawas kaayo ang akong.

Q2. Asa ang mas kapoy, ang pag-program o pag-debug?
A. Mas kapoy kaysa pag-program ang pag-debug.
B. Pag-program kaysa pag-debug ang mas kapoy.
C. Mas kapoy ang pag-program kaysa pag-debug.

Q3. Pinakakapoy ba kini nga buluhaton sa lista?
A. Kini pinakakapoy buluhaton sa lista.
B. Buluhaton kini pinakakapoy sa lista.
C. Pinakakapoy kini nga buluhaton sa lista.

Q4. Ngano kapoy ra imong dagway karon?
A. Kapoy ra akong dagway kay way pahuway gabii.
B. Dagway kapoy ra akong kay way pahuway gabii.
C. Way pahuway gabii dagway kapoy ra ako kay.

Q5. Kinsa’y naay kapoy-kapoy nga reklamo bahin sa sistema?
A. Si Ella naay kapoy-kapoy nga reklamo.
B. Naay si Ella kapoy-kapoy reklamo.
C. Reklamo kapoy-kapoy naay si Ella.

Answer key

• Q1 – B → Predicate kapoy kaayo correctly precedes subject; A & C misplace articles.
• Q2 – A → Proper comparative “Mas kapoy kaysa X ang Y.” Options B & C invert key elements.
• Q3 – C → Pinakakapoy right before kini plus linker; A & B mis-order demonstrative or noun.
• Q4 – A → Predicate then cause clause; B & C jumble sentence flow.
• Q5 – A → Pattern “naay + subject + description.” B & C break structure.